What Non-Native Digital Artefacts Can—and Cannot—Establish

Screenshots, forwarded messages, PDFs, copied files and platform downloads often arrive in a case before the original device, native file or complete metadata is available. They may appear clear and persuasive. The practical question is what the artefact can reliably establish, what it cannot establish on its own, and what further acquisition or corroboration may […]

What is an expert report?

The expert report is an official document with a technical-scientific basis through which the official/judicial expert reports, in writing, the method used, the results obtained, and the conclusions reached in the expert examination; that is, it is the expression of the special knowledge inherent to the forensic scientist after carrying out investigations and expert examinations.

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Diogo Lopes

Founder and Administrator

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